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Forces of Production and Direction

A Test of an Expanded Model of Suicide and Homicide

University of Texas–San Antonio

Liqun Cao

Eastern Michigan University

William Wells

Southern Illinois University–Carbondale

Edward R. Maguire

George Mason University

This research examines the utility of the stream analogy of lethal violence. Based on frustration/aggression thesis and attribution thesis, expanded integrated models of total lethal violence and the suicide-homicide ratio are proposed. Using updated cross-national data, the results of regression analysis indicate that income inequality and economic development remain to be the predictors for the direction of lethal violence expressed as suicide, as the stream analogy predicts, after the divorce rate and unemployment rate are controlled for. The authors’ data also reveal that the divorce rate greatly increases the total amount of violence but does not influence the percentage of lethal violence that is expressed as suicide over homicide.

Key Words: stream analogy • homicide • suicide • lethal violence • divorce

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